Method for producing polyhydroxyalkanoate using 2-hydroxyisocaproate-coa transferase

ABSTRACT

The present invention relates to a recombinant microorganism to which a gene coding for 2-hydroxyisocaproate-CoA transferase and a gene coding for polyhydroxyalkanoate synthase are introduced and which has a potential of producing polyhydroxyalkanoate bearing an aromatic monomer or a long-chain 2-HA monomer and a method for producing polyhydroxyalkanoate bearing an aromatic monomer or a long-chain 2-HA monomer, using the recombinant microorganism. According to the present invention, a biodegradable polymer bearing an aromatic monomer or a long-chain 2-HA monomer can be produced.

TECHNICAL FIELD

The present invention relates to a method for producingpolyhydroxyalkanoate having an aromatic monomer or a long-chain2-hydroxyalkanoate (2-HA) monomer. More particularly, the presentinvention relates to a recombinant microorganism which is introducedwith a gene encoding a 2-hydroxyisocaproate-CoA transferase and a geneencoding polyhydroxyalkanoate synthase and is capable of producingpolyhydroxyalkanoate having an aromatic monomer or a long-chain2-hydroxyalkanoate (2-HA) monomer, and a method for producingpolyhydroxyalkanoate having an aromatic monomer or a long-chain 2-HAmonomer using the recombinant microorganism.

BACKGROUND ART

Polyhydroxyalkanoates (PHAs) are biological polyesters synthesized by avariety of microorganisms. These polymers are biodegradable andbiocompatible thermoplastic materials, can be utilized in a variety ofindustrial biomedical applications because the properties thereof aresimilar to petroleum-based polymers, and are produced from renewablesources (Lee, S. Y. Biotechnol. Bioeng. 49:1 1996).

PHAs are classified into short-chain-length PHAs having a short carbonnumber and medium-chain-length PHAs having a long carbon numberdepending on the length of the side chain.

Various PHAs have been synthesized through recombinant microorganismsproduced by cloning PHA synthetic genes derived from microorganisms suchas Ralstonia eutropha, Pseudomonas and Bacillus (Qi et al., FEMSMicrobiol. Lett., 157:155, 1997; Qi et al., FEMS Microbiol. Lett.,167:89, 1998; Langenbach et al., FEMS Microbiol. Lett., 150:303, 1997;WO 01/55436; U.S. Pat. No. 6,143,952; WO 98/54329; WO 99/61624).

PHAs having short side chains such as PHBs, which are homopolymers ofR-3-hydroxy butyric acid, are thermoplastic materials of crystals andare readily broken due to the low elasticity thereof. On the other hand,MCL-PHAs with long side chains have higher elasticity. PHBs first becameknown about 70 years ago (Lemoigne & Roukhelman, 1925). On the otherhand, MCL-PHAs relatively recently became known (deSmet et al., J.Bacteriol. 154:870-78 1983). These copolymers can be represented bypoly(3HB-co-3-HX), wherein X represents 3-hydroxyalkanoate, or alkanoateor alkenoate having 6 or more carbon atoms. A particular example of acopolymer of two particular monomers is poly(3HB-co-3-hydroxyhexanoate)(Brandl et al., Int. J. Biol. Macromol. 11:49, 1989; Amos & McInerney,Arch. Microbiol., 155:103, 1991; U.S. Pat. No. 5,292,860).

The biosynthesis of PHAs includes converting hydroxyl acid intohydroxyacyl-CoA through CoA-transferase or CoA-ligase and polymerizingthe converted hydroxyacyl-CoA using a PHA synthase. In the case ofnatural PHA synthase, the activity for 2-hydroxyacyl-CoA is much lowerthan the activity for 3-hydroxyacyl-CoA. However, recently, the presentinventors have developed a genetically engineered PHA synthase(PhaClps6-19) of Pseudomonas sp. 6-19 so as to use lactyl-CoA, which isa kind of 2-hydroxyacyl-CoA, as a substrate (WO 08/062996; Yang et al.,Biotechnol. Bioeng., 105:150, 2010; Jung et al., Biotechnol. Bioeng.,105:161, 2010). PhaClps6-19 has a wide variety of substratespecificities, and can use lactyl-CoA, which is one kind of2-hydroxyacyl-CoA, as a substrate. Thus, synthesis of new PHAscontaining different types of 2-hydroxy acids will be made possible bydeveloping a system for converting various kinds of 2-hydroxy acid into2-hydroxyacyl-CoA. Accordingly, the present inventors have madeintensive efforts to develop a novel method for biosynthesizing PHAscontaining 2-hydroxy acid. As a result, the present inventors have foundthat, when screening an enzyme that converts 2-hydroxy acid into2-hydroxyacyl-CoA using acetyl-CoA and using the enzyme, various kindsof 2-hydroxyacyl-CoA can be produced under in vitro conditions andvarious PHAs can be produced using the same. Based on this finding, thepresent invention has been completed.

DISCLOSURE Technical Problem

Therefore, it is one object of the present invention to provide arecombinant microorganism capable of producing polyhydroxyalkanoatehaving an aromatic monomer or a long-chain 2-hydroxyalkanoate (2-HA)monomer.

It is another object of the present invention to provide a method forproducing polyhydroxyalkanoate having an aromatic monomer or along-chain 2-HA monomer using the recombinant microorganism.

Technical Solution

In accordance with one aspect of the present invention, provided is arecombinant microorganism obtained by introducing a gene encoding a2-hydroxyisocaproate-CoA transferase and a gene encodingpolyhydroxyalkanoate synthase into a microorganism capable of producingacetyl-CoA from a carbon source, wherein the recombinant microorganismis capable of producing polyhydroxyalkanoate having an aromatic monomeror a long-chain 2-hydroxyalkanoate (2-HA) monomer.

In accordance with another aspect of the present invention, provided isa method for producing polyhydroxyalkanoate having an aromatic monomeror a long-chain 2-hydroxyalkanoate (2-HA) monomer including (a)culturing the recombinant microorganism to produce polyhydroxyalkanoatehaving an aromatic monomer or a long-chain 2-hydroxyalkanoate (2-HA)monomer; and (b) recovering the produced polyhydroxyalkanoate having anaromatic monomer or a long-chain 2-hydroxyalkanoate (2-HA) monomer.

In accordance with another aspect of the present invention, provided isa recombinant microorganism obtained by amplifying a gene encoding a2-hydroxyisocaproate-CoA transferase, a gene encoding apolyhydroxyalkanoate synthase, a gene encoding a3-deoxy-D-arabino-heptulosonate-7-phosphate (DAHP) synthase, a geneencoding a chorismate mutase/prephenate dehydrogenase, and a geneencoding a D-lactate dehydrogenase in a microorganism capable ofproducing acetyl-CoA from a carbon source, wherein the recombinantmicroorganism is capable of producing polyhydroxyalkanoate havingphenyllactate as a monomer.

In accordance with another aspect of the present invention, provided isa method for producing polyhydroxyalkanoate having phenyllactate as amonomer including: (a) culturing the recombinant microorganism toproduce polyhydroxyalkanoate having phenyllactate as a monomer; and (b)recovering the produced polyhydroxyalkanoate having phenyllactate as amonomer.

In accordance with another aspect of the present invention, provided isa recombinant microorganism obtained by amplifying a gene encoding a2-hydroxyisocaproate-CoA transferase, a gene encoding apolyhydroxyalkanoate synthase, a gene encoding a3-deoxy-D-arabino-heptulosonate-7-phosphate (DAHP) synthase, a geneencoding a chorismate mutase/prephenate dehydrogenase, a gene encoding aD-lactate dehydrogenase, a gene encoding a hydroxymandelate synthase, agene encoding a hydroxymandelate oxidase, and a gene encoding aD-mandelate dehydrogenase in a microorganism capable of producingacetyl-CoA from a carbon source, wherein the recombinant microorganismis capable of producing polyhydroxyalkanoate having mandelate as amonomer.

In accordance with another aspect of the present invention, provided isa method for producing polyhydroxyalkanoate having mandelate as amonomer including: (a) culturing the recombinant microorganism toproduce polyhydroxyalkanoate having mandelate as a monomer; and (b)recovering the produced polyhydroxyalkanoate having mandelate as amonomer.

DESCRIPTION OF DRAWINGS

Reference will now be made in detail to the preferred embodiments of thepresent invention, examples of which are illustrated in the accompanyingdrawings. Wherever possible, the same reference numbers will be usedthroughout the drawings to refer to the same or like parts.

FIG. 1 shows the biosynthesis metabolic pathway of the aromaticpolyester according to the present invention, wherein FIG. 1A shows ametabolic pathway when FldA (cinnamoyl-CoA:phenyllactateCoA-transferase) is used, and FIG. 1B shows a metabolic pathway whenHadA (2-hydroxyisocaproate-CoA transferase) is used;

FIG. 2 shows the results of comparison of amino acid sequence homologybetween HadA and FldA;

FIG. 3A shows the results of purification of HadA using His-tag, andFIG. 3B shows the results of identification as to whether or not HadA iscapable of using acetyl-CoA as a CoA donor;

FIG. 4 shows the results of in-vitro assays, followed by LC-MS analysisidentifying whether or not HadA is capable of converting mandelate,4-hydroxymandelate, phenyllactate, 4-hydroxyphenyllactate,2-hydroxy-4-phenylbutyrate, 3-hydroxy-3-phenylpropionate and4-hydoxybenzoic acid to the corresponding CoA derivatives usingacetyl-CoA as a CoA donor;

FIG. 5 shows molecular formulae of CoA conversion reactions of varioussubstrates that can be carried out using HadA;

FIG. 6 shows the results of metabolic engineering analysis according toin-silico genome scale metabolism flux analysis to increase theproduction of D-phenyllactate;

FIG. 7 shows the results of analysis of poly(3HB-co-D-phenyllactate)produced by E. coli XB201TBAL;

FIG. 8 shows the results of analysis ofpoly(3HB-co-D-phenyllactate-co-3-hydroxy-3-phenylpropionate) andpoly(3HB-co-D-phenyllactate-co-D-mandelate) produced by E. coliXB201TBAL;

FIG. 9 shows the results of production of poly(3HB-co-D-phenyllactate)in an E. coli XB201TBAL strain expressing PhaAB under five types ofpromoters having different strengths; and

FIGS. 10A and 10B show results of production ofpoly(3HB-co-D-phenyllactate) through fed-batch fermentation of the E.coli XB201TBAL strain expressing AroGfbr, PheAfbr, FldH, HadA andPhaC1437 in an MR medium containing 3HB, FIGS. 10C and 10D show theresults of production of poly(3HB-co-D-phenyllactate) through fed-batchfermentation of the E. coli XB201TBAL strain expressing AroGfbr,PheAfbr, FldH, HadA, PhaC1437 and PhaAB under the promoter BBa_J23114,without addition of 3HB, and FIGS. 10E and 10F show the results ofproduction of poly(3HB-co-D-phenyllactate) through fed-batchfermentation of the E. coli XB201TBAF strain expressing AroGfbr,PheAfbr, FldH, HadA, and PhaAB under the promoter of

PhaC1437, without external addition of 3HB.

BEST MODE

Unless defined otherwise, all technical and scientific terms used hereinhave the same meanings as appreciated by those skilled in the field towhich the present invention pertains. In general, the nomenclature usedherein is well-known in the art and is ordinarily used.

Aromatic polyesters are essential plastics which are mainly producedfrom petroleum. The present invention establishes a method of producinga polymer having aromatic polyester or long-chain 2-hydroxyalkanoate asa monomer from glucose in one step through metabolically engineered E.coli expressing a polyhydroxyalkanoate (PHA) synthase and coenzyme A(CoA) transferases that are active toward aromatic monomer.

In one embodiment of the present invention, in order to produce PHAcontaining phenyllactate as an aromatic polyester,cinnamoyl-CoA:phenyllactate CoA-transferase (FldA) and 4-coumarate:CoAligase (4CL), which were found to have activity through in vitroanalysis, were expressed together with a PHA synthase in theD-phenyllactate-producing E. coli strain. The strain prepared apoly(l6.8 mol % D-lactate-co-80.8 mol % 3HB-co-1.6 mol %D-phenyllactate-co-0.8 mol % D-4-hydroxyphenyllactate) polymer in anamount of 12.8 wt % of the dry cell weight using in-vivo-producedcinnamoyl-CoA as a CoA donor.

However, since the utilization range of aromatic substrate of thephenyllactate CoA-transferase (FldA) is very narrow,2-isocaprenoyl-CoA:2-hydroxyisocaproate CoA-transferase (HadA) that canproduce a variety of kinds of aromatic hydroxyacyl CoA using acetyl-CoAas a CoA donor was identified, selected and used for the production ofaromatic PHA. In order to mass-produce aromatic PHAs containing a highmole fraction of D-phenyllactate, an optimal metabolic pathway was firstdesigned to over-produce the D-phenyllactate monomer.

In one embodiment of the present invention, in order to produce ametabolically engineered E. coli having a metabolic pathway optimal forthe production of D-phenyllactate, the feedback-resistant aroG, pheA andfldH genes in tyrR-deficient E. coli were overexpressed, the competitivemetabolic pathways (pflB, poxB, adhE and frdB) were deleted, and thetyrB and aspC genes were further deleted according to in-silico genomicscale metabolic flux analysis. The metabolically engineered E. coliproduced 1.62 g/L of D-phenyllactate. When HadA and PHA synthases wereexpressed in the D-phenyllactate-overproducing strain, poly(52.1 mol %3HB-co-47.9 mol % D-phenyllactate) was produced in an amount of 15.8 wt% of the dry cell weight.

Also, the potential of preparing various aromatic polyesters wasconfirmed by preparing polyesters including 4-hydroxyphenyllactate,mandelate and 3-hydroxy-3-phenylpropionate. Therefore, in one aspect,the present invention is directed to a recombinant microorganismobtained by introducing a gene encoding a 2-hydroxyisocaproate-CoAtransferase and a gene encoding polyhydroxyalkanoate synthase into amicroorganism capable of producing acetyl-CoA from a carbon source,wherein the recombinant microorganism is capable of producingpolyhydroxyalkanoate having an aromatic monomer or a long-chain2-hydroxyalkanoate (2-HA) monomer.

In the present invention, long-chain 2-HA means 2-hydroxyalkanoatehaving 6 to 8 carbon atoms.

In the present invention, the aromatic monomer or long chain 2-HAmonomer is selected from the group consisting of 2-hydroxyisocaproate,2-hydroxyhexanoate, 2-hydroxyoctanoate, phenyllactate,2-hydroxy-4-phenylbutyrate, 3-hydroxy-3-phenylpropionate,4-hydroxybenzoic acid and mandelate.

In the present invention, the polyhydroxyalkanoate synthase is a PHAsynthase derived from a strain selected from the group consisting ofRalstonia eutropha, Pseudomonas, Bacillus and Pseudomonas sp. 6-19, or amutant enzyme of a PHA synthase having an amino acid sequence selectedfrom the following:

an amino acid sequence having at least one mutation selected from thegroup consisting of E130D, S325T, L412M, S477R, S477H, S477F, S477Y,S477G, Q481M, Q481K and Q481R in the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO:2;

an amino acid sequence (C1335) having mutations of E130D, S325T, L412M,S477G and Q481M in the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 2;

an amino acid sequence (C1310) having mutations of E130D, S477F andQ481K in the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 2; and

an amino acid sequence (C1312) having mutations of E130D, S477F andQ481R in the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 2.

In the present invention, the 2-hydroxyisocaproate-CoA transferase maybe hadA derived from Clostridium difficile 630.

In the present invention, the 2-hydroxyisocaproate-CoA transferase mayuse acetyl-CoA as a CoA donor.

The microorganism of the present invention may be further introducedwith a gene encoding a β-ketothiolase involved in 3-hydroxybutyryl-CoAbiosynthesis and a gene encoding an acetoacetyl-CoA reductase in orderfor the microorganism to produce a polymer even without the supply of3HB from the outside.

In another aspect, the present invention is directed to a method forproducing polyhydroxyalkanoate having an aromatic monomer or along-chain 2-hydroxyalkanoate (2-HA) monomer including: (a) culturingthe recombinant microorganism to produce polyhydroxyalkanoate having anaromatic monomer or a long-chain 2-hydroxyalkanoate (2-HA) monomer; and(b) recovering the produced polyhydroxyalkanoate having an aromaticmonomer or a long-chain 2-hydroxyalkanoate (2-HA) monomer.

In one embodiment of the present invention, it was confirmed whether ornot Pct (propionyl-CoA transferase) used for the synthesis ofpolyhydroxyalkanoate is capable of activating phenyllactate andmandelate with phenyllactyl-CoA and mandelyl-CoA, respectively. Themutant of Pctcp (Pct540) has been successfully applied to the in-vivoproduction of polyesters including various hydroxy acids such asglycolic acid, lactic acid, 2-hydroxybutyric acid, 2-hydroxyisovalerateand 2-hydroxy acid. For this reason, it can be considered that Pct540has a broad substrate spectrum with respect to the carbon number and thehydroxyl group position. However, it has been confirmed that Pct540 doesnot have catalytic activity for phenyllactate and mandelate. Thus, inthe present invention, an attempt was made to find a novelCoA-transferase capable of activating CoA derivatives corresponding toaromatic compounds for the production of aromatic copolymers.

The cinnamoyl-CoA:phenyllactate CoA-transferase (F1dA) of Clostridiumsporogenes has been reported to be able to convert phenyllactate intophenyllactyl-CoA using cinnamoyl-CoA as a CoA donor (Dickert, S. et al.,Eur. J. Biochem. 267: 3874, 2000). Since cinnamoyl-CoA is a non-naturalmetabolite of E. coli, FldA derived from Clostridium botulinum A str.ATCC 3502, which has 99.0% homology with FldA of C. sporogenes, wastested in order to confirm whether or not acetyl-CoA, which is ametabolite abundant in cells, is used as a CoA donor. However, FldA ofC. botulinum A str. ATCC 3502 was found to have no catalytic activity toproduce phenyllactyl-CoA using acetyl-CoA as a CoA donor.

Meanwhile, it is known that Streptomyces coelicolor 4-coumarate:CoAligase (4CL) plays a key role in the metabolism of phenylpropanoidswhich produce precursors of secondary metabolites of plants such aslignin, flavonoids and phytoalexins (Kaneko, M. et al., J. Bacteriol.,185:20, 2003). Therefore, in one embodiment of the present invention, abiosynthetic pathway for synthesizing cinnamoyl-CoA from cinnamate wasdesigned by introducing 4CL. 4CL mutants were used to convert cinnamateinto cinnamoyl-CoA, and cinnamoyl-CoA was used as a CoA donor for FldAto form phenyllactyl-CoA. As a result, phenyllactyl-CoA was successfullysynthesized through successive in-vitro reactions of 4CL and FldA. Theseresults demonstrated that 4CL and FldA could be used for the productionof phenyllactyl-CoA and the production of aromatic polyesters.Similarly, it could be confirmed that another promising aromaticmonomer, 4-hydroxyphenyllactate, was also converted into4-hydroxyphenyllactyl-CoA by successive in-vitro reactions of 4CLvariants with FldA.

In the production of non-natural polyesters, it is important to selectmutants of the PHA synthase for polymerization of the corresponding CoAsubstrate. Therefore, in order to investigate the performance of variousPHA synthases, Pseudomonas sp. MBEL 6-19 PHA synthase (PhaCPs6-19)mutants were expressed in E. coli XL1-Blue overexpressing AroGfbr, PAL,4CL, FldA and Pct540. The prepared recombinant strains were cultured ina MR medium supplemented with 20 g/L of glucose, 1 g/L ofD-phenyllactate and 1 g/L of sodium 3-hydroxybutyrate (3HB). Sodium3-hydroxybutyrate (3HB) was converted through Pct540 into 3HB-CoA, whichis a preferred substrate of PhaC, and was added to enhance theproduction of the polymer since it allowed the production of sufficientamounts of PHAs. E. coli XL1-Blue expressing other PHA synthase mutantscan produce various amounts of poly(D-lactate-co-3HB-co-D-phenyllactate)having different monomer compositions.

As a result of the above experiment, among the PhaC mutants, PhaC1437having four amino acid substitutions (E130D, S325T, S477G and Q481K)produced poly(l8.3 mol % D-lactate-co-76.9 mol % 3HB-co-4.8 mol %D-phenyllactate) in an amount of 7.8% by weight of dry cell weight,which means that PhaC1437 is the most suitable PhaC mutant.

Next, E. coli was engineered in vivo to produce D-phenyllactate fromglucose. The biosynthesis of aromatic compounds begins with thesynthesis of 3-deoxy-D-arabino-heptulosonate-7-phosphate (DAHP), whichis produced by condensation between phosphoenolpyruvate (PEP) anderythrose-4-phosphate (E4P) by DAHP synthase. The produced DAHP isconverted into phenylpyruvate (PPA) which is then converted intoD-phenyllactate by D-lactate dehydrogenase (FldH) (FIG. 1). Themetabolic pathway for aromatic compound biosynthesis is known to becontrolled in a complicated manner through various inhibitingmechanisms. The expression of the DAHP synthase encoded by aroG and thechorismate mutase/prephenate dehydrogenase encoded by pheA is inhibitedby L-phenylalanine (Ribe, D. E. et al., J. Bacteriol. 127:1085, 1976).

In the present invention, feedback-inhibiting resistant mutants, AroGfbr[AroG (D146N)] and PheAfbr [PheA (T326P)], were constructed to releasefeedback inhibition by L-phenylalanine (Zhou, H. Y. et al., Bioresour.Technol. 101:4151, 2010; Kikuchi, Y. et al., Appl. Environ. Microbiol.63:761, 1997). E. coli XL1-Blue expressing AroGfbr, PheAfbr and FldH ofC. botulinum A str. ATCC 3502 produced 0.372 g/L of D-phenyllactate from15.2 g/L of glucose. The overexpression of PAL, 4CL, FldA, Pct540 andPhaC1437 of the strain increased poly(l6.8 mol % D-lactate-co-80.8 mol %3HB-co-1.6 mol % D-phenyllactate-co-0.8 mol % D-4-hydroxyphenyllactate)to 12.8 wt % of the dry cell weight.

There are two problems in producing an aromatic PHA containingD-phenyllactate. The first problem is that the efficiency of polymersynthesis and the content of aromatic monomer are very low. This isconsidered to be due to inefficiency of FldA using cinnamoyl-CoA as aCoA donor. The second problem is that the monomer spectrum of aromaticPHA is very narrow. The results of in vitro enzymatic analysis showedthat FldA can transfer CoA to phenyllactate and 4-hydroxyphenyllactate,but cannot transfer the same to substrates such as mandelate,2-hydroxy-4-phenylbutyrate, 3-hydroxy-3-phenylpropionate and4-hydroxybenzoic acid.

In order to solve these problems, the present invention uses acetyl-CoAas a CoA donor to find an enzyme having a broad aromatic substratespectrum. Sequence similarity analysis was performed to identifyhomologous enzymes for FldA, and2-isocaprenoyl-CoA:2-hydroxyisocapronate CoA-transferase (HadA) ofClostridium difficile having an amino acid sequence identity of 48% ormore with FldA among various FldAs having different origins was screened(FIG. 2). In the present invention, it has been investigated whether ornot HadA can use acetyl-CoA as a CoA donor, since HadA is an enzymeknown to convert CoA into 2-hydroxyisocaproate using isocaprenoyl-CoA asa CoA donor (FIG. 3). Interestingly, the results of in vitro enzymeanalysis showed that HadA can activate phenyllactate intophenyllactyl-CoA using acetyl-CoA as a CoA donor (FIG. 4).

In addition, LC-MS analysis after in vitro assays showed that HadA canconvert mandelate, 4-hydroxymandelate, phenyllactate,4-hydroxyphenyllactate, 2-hydroxy-4-phenylbutyrate,3-hydroxy-3-phenylpropionate and 4-hydoxybenzoic acid to thecorresponding CoA derivatives (FIGS. 4 and 5). Therefore, HadA has thepotential to more efficiently produce various aromatic polyesters usingacetyl-CoA as a CoA donor.

Next, in order to increase the production amount of aromatic monomers bymetabolic engineering, the yield was increased by metabolicallyengineering an E. coli XL1-Blue strain expressing AroGfbr, PheAfbr andFldH producing a small amount (0.372 g/L) of D-phenyllactate fromglucose. The E. coli XBT strain expressing AroGfbr, PheAfbr and FldH,which deleted TyrR, which is a double transcriptional regulatory factorthat performs regulation to inhibit aromatic amino acid biosynthesis,was constructed and the E. coli XBT strain produced 0.5 g/L ofD-phenyllactate from 16.4 g/L of glucose and thus showed 30% higherproductivity than the E. coli XL1-Blue strain which did not delete TyrR.In order to remove the pathway competing with D-phenyllactatebiosynthesis, E. coli XB201T was constructed by deleting poxB (a geneencoding a pyruvate oxidase), pflB (a gene encoding a pyruvate formatelyase), adhE (a gene encoding an acetaldehyde dehydrogenase/alcoholdehydrogenase) and frdB (a gene encoding a fumarate reductase) from E.coli XBT. The E. coli strain XB201T expressing AroGfbr, PheAfbr and FldHproduced 0.55 g/L of D-phenyllactate from 15.7 g/L of glucose, whichindicates a yield 10% higher than that of E. coli XBT.

In addition, metabolic engineering analysis according to in-silicogenome scale metabolism flux analysis was performed to further increasethe production of D-phenyllactate (FIG. 6). A tyrB gene encoding atyrosine aminotransferase and an aspC gene encoding an aspartic acidaminotransferase were removed from the E. coli strain XB201T to reducethe L-phenylalanine biosynthesis and thereby enhance the carbon flow toD-phenyllactate. As a result, E. coli strain XB201TBA expressingAroGfbr, PheAfbr and FldH produced 1.62 g/L of D-phenyllactate from 18.5g/L of glucose, resulting in a great increase in yield, whichcorresponds to 4.35 times higher than the D-phenyllactate production ofthe E. coli XL1 blue strain.

When E. coli XB201TBAL expressing AroGfbr, PheAfbr, FldH, PhaC1437 andHadA were cultured in a medium containing 20 g/L glucose and 1 g/Lsodium 3HB, poly(52.1 mol % 3HB-co-47.9 mol % D-phenyllactate) wasproduced in an amount of 15.8 wt % of the dry cell weight (FIG. 7).

In another aspect, the present invention is directed to a recombinantmicroorganism obtained by introducing a gene encoding a2-hydroxyisocaproate-CoA transferase, a gene encoding apolyhydroxyalkanoate synthase, a gene encoding a DAHP(3-deoxy-D-arabino-heptulosonate-7-phosphate) synthase, a gene encodinga chorismate mutase/prephenate dehydrogenase, and a gene encoding aD-lactate dehydrogenase into a microorganism capable of producingacetyl-CoA from a carbon source, wherein the recombinant microorganismis capable of producing polyhydroxyalkanoate having phenyllactate as amonomer.

In the present invention, the 2-hydroxyisocaproate-CoA transferase maybe HadA derived from Clostridium difficile 630 and thepolyhydroxyalkanoate synthase is a PHA synthase derived from a strainselected from the group consisting of Ralstonia eutropha, Pseudomonas,Bacillus and Pseudomonas sp. 6-19, or a mutant enzyme of a PHA synthasehaving an amino acid sequence selected from the following:

an amino acid sequence having at least one mutation selected from thegroup consisting of E130D, S325T, L412M, S477R, S477H, S477F, S477Y,S477G, Q481M, Q481K and Q481R in an amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 2;

an amino acid sequence (C1335) having mutations of E130D, S325T, L412M,S477G and Q481M in the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 2;

an amino acid sequence (C1310) having mutations of E130D, S477F andQ481K in the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID

NO: 2; and

an amino acid sequence (C1312) having mutations of E130D, S477F andQ481R in the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 2.

In the present invention, the gene encoding the DAHP(3-deoxy-D-arabino-heptulosonate-7-phosphate) synthase is a geneencoding the amino acid sequence represented by SEQ ID NO: 8, the geneencoding chorismate mutase/prephenate dehydrogenase may be a geneencoding the amino acid sequence represented by SEQ ID NO: 9, and thegene encoding D-lactate dehydrogenase may be a gene encoding the aminoacid sequence represented by SEQ ID NO: 10.

In the present invention, the introduced gene encoding D-lactatedehydrogenase may be a fldH gene which replaces the ldhA gene.

The microorganism of the present invention may be further introducedwith a gene encoding a β-ketothiolase and a gene encoding anacetoacetyl-CoA reductase involved in 3-hydroxybutyryl-CoA biosynthesisin order for the microorganism to produce a polymer even withoutexternal supply of sodium 3HB.

When the expression amounts of the gene (phaA) encoding a β-ketothiolaseand the gene (phaB) encoding an acetoacetyl-CoA reductase, which areintroduced in the present invention, are regulated through the strength(intensity) of the promoter, the mole fraction of the D-phenyllactatemonomer contained in PHA can be controlled.

In one embodiment of the present invention, five different plasmidswhich express phaA and phaB with five types of promoters havingdifferent strengths were constructed and introduced into XB201TBALstrains expressing AroGfbr, PheAfbr, FldH, PhaC1437 and HadA. It wasconfirmed that, as phaA and phaB expression decreased, the mole fractionof the phenyllactate monomer increased (FIGS. 9A and 9B and Table 7).These results suggest that aromatic polyesters having various molefractions of aromatic monomers can be produced by controlling themetabolic flux.

In the present invention, the recombinant microorganism has a deletionof at least one gene selected from the group consisting of a tyrR gene,a gene encoding a pyruvate oxidase, a gene encoding a pyruvate formatelyase, a gene encoding an acetaldehyde dehydrogenase, a gene encoding afumarate reductase, a gene encoding a tyrosine aminotransferase, and agene encoding an aspartic acid aminotransferase.

In another aspect, the present invention is directed to a method forproducing polyhydroxyalkanoate having phenyllactate as a monomerincluding: (a) culturing the recombinant microorganism to producepolyhydroxyalkanoate having phenyllactate as a monomer; and (b)recovering the produced polyhydroxyalkanoate having phenyllactate as amonomer.

In order to identify whether or not the method described above can beused for the preparation of various aromatic polymers, experimentationwas conducted using mandelate as a monomer. The reason for this is thatpolymandelate, which is a homopolymer of mandelate, is apyrolysis-resistant polymer having a relatively high Tg of 100° C., andhas properties similar to those of polystyrene. Polymandelate ischemically synthesized through ring-opening polymerization of a cyclicdimer of mandelate produced in the petroleum industry. When E. coliXB201TBAL expressing AroGfbr, PheAfbr, FldH, PhaC1437 and HadA wascultured in a medium containing 1 g/L of sodium 3HB and 0.5 g/L ofD-mandelate, poly(55.2 mol % 3HB-co-43 mol % D-phenyllactate-co-1.8 mol% D-mandelate) was produced in an amount of 11.6 wt % of the dry cellweight (FIGS. 8A and 8B).

In the present invention, an aromatic copolymer containing D-mandelatewas successfully prepared using D-mandelate as a substrate, and thenD-mandelate was prepared in vivo by metabolic engineering. Ahydroxymandelate synthase (HmaS) derived from Amycolatopsis orientalis,a hydroxymandelate oxidase (Hmo) of S. coelicolor and a D-mandelatedehydrogenase (Dmd) of Rhodotorula graminis were expressed in E. coliXB201TBAL expressing AroGfbr, PheAfbr, FldH, PhaC1437 and HadA in orderto produce an aromatic copolymer containing D-mandelate from glucose.When the engineered strains were cultured in a medium containing 20 g/Lof glucose and 1 g/L of sodium 3HB, poly(92.9 mol % of 3HB-co-6.3 mol %D-phenyllactate-co-0.8 mol % D-mandelate) was prepared in an amount of16.4 wt % of the dry cell weight.

In another aspect, the present invention is directed to a recombinantmicroorganism obtained by introducing a gene encoding a2-hydroxyisocaproate-CoA transferase, a gene encoding apolyhydroxyalkanoate synthase, a gene encoding a DAHP(3-deoxy-D-arabino-heptuloonate-7-phosphate) synthase, a gene encoding achorismate mutase/prephenate dehydrogenase, a gene encoding a D-lactatedehydrogenase, a gene encoding a hydroxymandelate synthase, a geneencoding a hydroxymandelate oxidase, and a gene encoding a D-mandelatedehydrogenase into a microorganism capable of producing acetyl-CoA froma carbon source, wherein the recombinant microorganism is capable ofproducing polyhydroxyalkanoate having mandelate as a monomer.

In the present invention, the 2-hydroxyisocaproate-CoA transferase maybe hadA derived from Clostridium difficile 630 and thepolyhydroxyalkanoate synthase may be a PHA synthase derived from astrain selected from the group consisting of Ralstonia eutropha,Pseudomonas, Bacillus and Pseudomonas sp. 6-19, or a mutant enzyme of aPHA synthase having an amino acid sequence selected from the following:

an amino acid sequence having at least one mutation selected from thegroup consisting of E130D, S325T, L412M, S477R, S477H, S477F, S477Y,S477G, Q481M, Q481K and Q481R in an amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 2;

an amino acid sequence (C1335) having mutations of E130D, S325T, L412M,S477G and Q481M in the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 2;

an amino acid sequence (C1310) having mutations of E130D, S477F andQ481K in the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 2; and

an amino acid sequence (C1312) having mutations of E130D, S477F andQ481R in the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 2.

In the present invention, the gene encoding the DAHP(3-deoxy-D-arabino-heptulosonate-7-phosphate) synthase may be a geneencoding the amino acid sequence represented by SEQ ID NO: 8, the geneencoding chorismate mutase/prephenate dehydrogenase may be a geneencoding the amino acid sequence represented by SEQ ID NO: 9, and thegene encoding D-lactate dehydrogenase may be a gene encoding the aminoacid sequence represented by SEQ ID NO: 10.

In the present invention, the gene encoding hydroxymandelate synthasemay be a gene encoding the amino acid sequence represented by SEQ ID NO:11, the gene encoding hydroxymandelate oxidase may be a gene encodingthe amino acid sequence represented by SEQ ID NO: 12, and the geneencoding D-mandelate dehydrogenase may be a gene encoding the amino acidsequence represented by SEQ ID NO: 13.

The microorganism of the present invention may be further introducedwith genes encoding a β-ketothiolase and a gene encoding anacetoacetyl-CoA reductase involved in 3-hydroxybutyryl-CoA biosynthesisin order for the microorganism to produce a polymer even without theexternal supplementation of sodium 3HB.

In another aspect, the present invention is directed to a method forproducing polyhydroxyalkanoate having mandelate as a monomer including:(a) culturing the recombinant microorganism to producepolyhydroxyalkanoate having mandelate as a monomer; and (b) recoveringthe produced polyhydroxyalkanoate having mandelate as a monomer.

Further, in the present invention, in order to confirm the possibilityof the production of polyhydroxyalkanoate containing various long-chain2-HA using the recombinant strain of the present invention, polymerproductivity was identified using long-chain 2-HA monomers such as2-hydroxyisocaproate (2HIC), 2-hydroxyhexanoate (2HH) and2-hydroxyoctanoate (2HO) as monomers. As a result, it was identifiedthat copolymers containing 2-hydroxyisocaproate, 2-hydroxyhexanoate or2-hydroxyoctanoate were produced and that, as the concentration of 2-HAcontained in the medium increased, the mole fraction of the monomercontained in the copolymer increased (Tables 4, 5 and 6).

Accordingly, in another aspect, the present invention is directed to amethod for producing polyhydroxyalkanoate having, as a monomer, acompound selected from the group consisting of 2-hydroxyisocaproate,2-hydroxyhexanoate and 2-hydroxyoctanoate, including: (a) culturing therecombinant microorganism capable of producing polyhydroxyalkanoatehaving an aromatic monomer or a long-chain 2-HA monomer in a mediumcontaining a compound selected from the group consisting of2-hydroxyisocaproate, 2-hydroxyhexanoate and 2-hydroxyoctanoate; and (b)recovering polyhydroxyalkanoate containing, as a monomer, a compoundselected from the group consisting of 2-hydroxyisocaproate,2-hydroxyhexanoate and 2-hydroxyoctanoate.

In the present invention, production of an aromatic polymer wasidentified using 3-hydroxy-3-phenylpropionate (3HPh) as another aromaticmonomer capable of producing PHA. When the E. coli strain XB201TBA wascultured in a medium containing 20 g/L of glucose, 0.5 g/L of3-hydroxy-3-phenylpropionic acid and 1 g/L of sodium 3HB, poly(33.3 mol% 3HB-co-18 mol % D-phenyllactate-co-48.7 mol % 3HPh) was produced in anamount of 14.7 wt % of dry cell weight (FIGS. 8C and 8D). These resultssuggest that the HadA and the mutated PHA syntheses developed in thepresent invention can be widely used for the production of variousaromatic polyesters.

Finally, the physical properties of aromatic PHAs produced bymetabolically engineered E. coli were investigated. The poly(52.1 mol %3HB-co-47.9 mol % D-phenyllactate) was amorphous, and, as the molefraction of D-phenyllactate in the copolymer increased, the Tg increasedsignificantly to 23.86° C., although the molecular weight was decreased.Also, the copolymer containing an aromatic compound in the polymer haddecreased crystallinity. It is considered that the aromatic ring of thepolymer interferes with the crystallization of P(3HB). P(3HB) has highbrittleness due to the strong crystallinity thereof, whereas theresulting copolymer has improved mechanical toughness due to decreasedcrystallinity and increased Tg.

In the present invention, a bacterial platform system was developed forthe production of various aromatic polyesters. The aromatic polymerproduction system of the present invention identified a novelCoA-transferase having a wide range of substrates for activating anaromatic compound into a CoA derivative thereof and established PHAsynthase mutants capable of polymerizing aromatic CoA derivativesthereof and a pathway to over-produce aromatic monomers in vivo throughthe design and optimization of metabolisms.

As evidenced using several aromatic monomers in various embodiments ofthe present invention, such a system can be used in the preparation ofvarious aromatic polymers. For example, according to the presentinvention, HadA (or related enzymes) and PHA synthases can be engineeredto accommodate the desired aromatic monomers. The bacterial platformsystem developed in the present invention can contribute toestablishment of a bioprocess for the production of aromatic polyestersfrom renewable non-food biomass.

As used herein, the term “vector” means a DNA product containing a DNAsequence operably linked to a control sequence capable of expressing DNAin a suitable host. The vector may be a plasmid, a phage particle or asimple potential genome insert. Once the vector is transformed with anappropriate host, it may replicate and function independently of thegenome of the host, or may often be integrated with the genome itself.Since the plasmid is the most commonly used type of vector, the terms“plasmid” and “vector” are sometimes used interchangeably throughout thespecification of the present invention. For the purpose of the presentinvention, a plasmid vector is preferably used. A typical plasmid vectorthat can be used for this purpose includes (a) a replication origin toefficiently conduct replication so as to include several to severalhundred plasmid vectors per host cell, (b) an antibiotic resistance geneto screen a host cell transformed with the plasmid vector, and (c) arestriction enzyme cleavage site into which a foreign DNA fragment isinserted. Even if an appropriate restriction enzyme cleavage site is notpresent, the vector and foreign DNA can be easily ligated using asynthetic oligonucleotide adapter or a linker according to aconventional method.

After ligation, the vector should be transformed into an appropriatehost cell. In the present invention, the preferred host cells areprokaryotic cells. Suitable prokaryotic host cells include E. coli DH5a,E. coli JM101, E. coli K12, E. coli W3110, E. coli X1776, E. coli XL-1Blue (Stratagene), E. coli B, E. coli B21 and the like. However, E. colistrains such as FMB101, NM522, NM538 and NM539, as well as the speciesand genera of other prokaryotes, and the like, can also be used. Inaddition to the E. coli mentioned above, the genus Agrobacterium strainssuch as Agrobacterium A4, Bacillus strains such as Bacillus subtilis,other enterobacteria such as Salmonella typhimurium or Serratiamarcescens, and various Pseudomonas genus strains can be used as hostcells.

Transformation of prokaryotic cells can be easily carried out using acalcium chloride method described in the section 1.82 of Sambrook etal., supra. Alternatively, electroporation (Neumann, et al., EMBO J., 1:841, 1982) can be used for transformation of these cells.

The vector used for overexpression of the gene according to the presentinvention may be any expression vector known in the art and ispreferably a pET-based vector (Novagen). When cloning is performed usingthe pET-based vector, histidine groups are bonded to the ends of theexpressed protein, so that the protein can be effectively purified. Theexpressed protein can be isolated from the cloned gene through a generalmethod known in the art and can be specifically isolated using achromatographic method using Ni-NTA His-conjugated resin (Novagen). Inthe present invention, the recombinant vector may be pET-SLTI66, and thehost cell may be E. coli or Agrobacterium.

As used herein, the term “expression control sequence” means a DNAsequence essential for the expression of a coding sequence operablylinked to a particular host organism. Such a control sequence includespromoters for conducting transcription, any operator sequences forcontrolling such transcription, sequences for encoding suitable mRNAribosome-binding sites, and sequences for controlling the termination oftranscription and translation. For example, control sequences suitablefor prokaryotes include promoters, optionally operator sequences andribosome binding sites. Eukaryotic cells include promoters,polyadenylation signals and enhancers. The factor that has the greatestimpact on the expression level of the gene in the plasmid is a promoter.SRa promoters, cytomegalovirus-derived promoters and the like arepreferably used as promoters for high expression. Any of a wide varietyof expression control sequences may be used for the vector in order toexpress the DNA sequences of the present invention. Useful expressioncontrol sequences include, for example, the early and late promoters ofSV40 or adenovirus, the lac system, the trp system, the TAC or TRCsystem, T3 and T7 promoters, the major operator and promoter regions ofphage lambda, control regions of fd code proteins, promoters of3-phosphoglycerate kinase or other glycol lyases, promoters of thephosphatase, such as Pho5, promoters of yeast alpha-mating systems andother sequences known to control gene expression of prokaryotic oreukaryotic cells or viruses and various combinations thereof. The T7promoter may be useful for expressing proteins of the present inventionin E. coli.

When a nucleic acid sequence is aligned with another nucleic acidsequence based on a functional relationship, it is “operably linked”thereto. This may be gene(s) and control sequence(s) linked in such away so as to enable gene expression when a suitable molecule (e.g., atranscriptional activator protein) is linked to the control sequence(s).For example, DNA for a pre-sequence or secretory leader is operablylinked to DNA for a polypeptide, when expressed as a pre-proteininvolved in the secretion of the polypeptide; and a promoter or enhanceris operably linked to a coding sequence when it affects thetranscription of the sequence; or a ribosome-binding site is operablylinked to a coding sequence when it affects the transcription of thesequence; or the ribosome-binding site is operably linked to a codingsequence when positioned to facilitate translation. Generally, “operablylinked” means that the linked DNA sequence is in contact therewith, orthat a secretory leader is in contact therewith and is present in thereading frame. However, the enhancer need not be in contact therewith.The linkage of these sequences is carried out by ligation (linkage) atconvenient restriction enzyme sites. When no such site exists, asynthetic oligonucleotide adapter or a linker according to aconventional method is used.

As used herein, the term “expression vector” commonly refers to arecombinant carrier, into which a fragment of heterologous DNA isinserted, and generally means a fragment of double-stranded DNA. Herein,the heterologous DNA means exogenous DNA that is not naturally found inthe host cell. Once an expression vector is present in a host cell, itcan replicate independently of the host chromosomal DNA, and severalcopies of the vector and inserted (heterologous) DNA thereof can beproduced.

As is well known in the art, in order to increase the expression levelof a transgene in a host cell, the gene should be operably linked to atranscriptional/translational expression control sequence that functionsin a selected expression host. Preferably, the expression controlsequence and the corresponding gene are included in one recombinantvector containing both a bacterial selection marker and a replicationorigin. When the host cell is a eukaryotic cell, the recombinant vectorshould further include a useful expression marker in the eukaryoticexpression host.

The host cell transfected or transformed by the recombinant vectordescribed above constitutes another aspect of the present invention. Asused herein, the term “transfection” means introducing DNA into a hostand making the DNA replicable by an extrachromosomal factor orchromosomal integration. As used herein, the term “transformation” meansthat an expression vector is accommodated by the host cell, regardlessof whether or not any coding sequence is actually expressed.

It should be understood that not all vectors function identically inexpressing the DNA sequences of the present invention. Likewise, not allhosts function identically for the same expression system. However,those skilled in the art will be able to make appropriate selectionsfrom among a variety of vectors, expression control sequences and hostswithout excessive burden of experimentation and without departing fromthe scope of the present invention. For example, selection of a vectorshould be carried out in consideration of a host because the vectorshould be replicated therein. The number of replications of the vector,the ability to control the number of replications, and the expression ofother proteins encoded by the corresponding vector, such as theexpression of antibiotic markers, should also be considered. Inselecting the expression control sequence, a number of factors should beconsidered. For example, the relative strength of the sequence,controllability, and compatibility with the DNA sequences of the presentinvention should be considered, particularly in relation to possiblesecondary structures. The single cell host may be selected inconsideration of factors such as the selected vector, the toxicity ofthe product encoded by the DNA sequence of the present invention,secretion characteristics, the ability to accurately fold proteins,culture and fermentation factors, and ease of purification of theproduct encoded by the DNA sequence according to the present invention.Within the scope of these factors, those skilled in the art can selectvarious vector/expression control sequences/host combinations capable ofexpressing the DNA sequences of the present invention in fermentation orlarge animal cultures. As a screening method for cloning the cDNA of theprotein according to the present invention through expression cloning, abinding method, a panning method, a film emulsion method or the like canbe applied.

Hereinafter, the present invention will be described in more detail withreference to the following examples. However, it will be obvious tothose skilled in the art that the following examples are provided onlyfor illustration of the present invention and should not be construed aslimiting the scope of the present invention.

In the following examples, Escherichia coli was used as a recombinantmicroorganism. However, any microorganism can be used without limitationso long as it is capable of producing acetyl-CoA from a carbon source.Examples of the microorganism include the genera Alcaligenes,Pseudomonas, Escherichia, Ralstonia, Bacillus and Corynebacterium andthe like.

The recombinant strains, plasmids and primers used or produced in thepresent invention are shown in Tables 1 to 3.

TABLE 1 Strain name Characteristics Origin XL1-Blue recA1 endA1 gyrA96thi-1 hsdR17 Stratagene^(a) supE44 relA1 lac [F′ proAB lacI^(q)ZΔM15Tn10 (Tet^(R))] BL21(DE3) BL21(DE3) F-ompT hsdSB (rB-mB-) galInvitrogen^(b) dcm (DE3) XBT XL1-Blue ΔtyrR the present invention XB201TXL1-Blue ΔtyrR ΔpoxB ΔpflB ΔadhE the present ΔfrdB invention XB201TBXL1-Blue ΔtyrR ΔpoxB ΔpflB ΔadhE the present ΔfrdB ΔtyrB inventionXB201TBA XL1-Blue ΔtyrR ΔpoxB ΔpflB ΔadhE the present ΔfrdB ΔtyrB ΔaspCinvention XB201TBAL XL1-Blue ΔtyrR ΔpoxB ΔpflB ΔadhE the present ΔfrdBΔtyrB ΔaspC ΔldhA invention XB201TBAF XL1-Blue ΔtyrR ΔpoxB ΔpflB ΔadhEthe present ΔfrdB ΔtyrB ΔaspC ΔldhA::Ptrc-fldH- invention rrnBT

TABLE 2 Characteristics Abbreviations: Ap, ampicillin; Km, kanamycin;Cm, Plasmid chloramphenicol; ^(R), resistance. Origin pKD46 λ-Redrecombinase under arabinose inducible ¹ araBAD promoter, temperaturesensitive origin; Ap^(R) pJW168 lox66-cat-lox71 cassette; Cm^(R)Ap^(R) ²pMloxC Cre-recombinase under IPTG inducible lacUV5 ³ promoter,temperature sensitive origin; Ap^(R) pMtrc9 pMloxC derivative; trcpromoter downstream of lox66-cat-lox71 cassette; Ap^(R) pKM212-MCSpBBR1MCS2 derivative; promoter, PHA ⁴ biosynthesis genes transcriptionterminator; Km^(R) pET-22b(+) Expression vector, T7 promoter; Ap^(R)Novagen^(c) pPs619C143 pBluescript II KS(+) derivative; Ralstoniaeutropha ⁵ 7Pct540 PHA biosynthesis operon promoter, Pseudomonas sp.MBEL 6-19 phaC_(Ps6-19) variant (phaC1437; E130D, S325T, S477G, Q481K),Clostridium propionicum pct_(Cp)variant (pct540; V193A, silentmutations: T78C, T669C, A1125G, T1158C), transcriptional terminator ofthe R. eutropha PHA biosynthesis operon; Ap^(R) pPs619C1wtpPs619C1437Pct540 derivative; phaC1437 was ⁶ Pct540 replaced byphaC1_(Ps6-19)wild type; Ap^(R) pPs619C120 pPs619C1437Pct540 derivative;phaC1437 was ⁵ 2Pct540 replaced by phaC1202 (E130D, Q481K); Ap^(R)pPs619C130 pPs619C1437Pct540 derivative; phaC1437 was ⁵ 1Pct540 replacedby phaC1301 (E130D, S325T, Q481K); Ap^(R) pPs619C131 pPs619C1437Pct540derivative; phaC1437 was ⁵ 0Pct540 replaced by phaC1310 (E130D, S477F,Q481K); Ap^(R) pPs619C143 pPs619C1437Pct540 derivative; phaC1437 was ⁵9Pct540 replaced by phaC1439 (E130D, S325T, S477F, Q481K); Ap^(R) pCnCABpBluescript II KS(+) derivative; R. eutropha PHA ⁵ biosynthesis operonpromoter, R. eutropha phaCAB genes, transcriptional terminator of the R.eutropha PHA biosynthesis operon, Ap^(R) pCnAB pCnCAB derivative; R.eutropha PHA biosynthesis ⁷ operon promoter, R. eutropha phaAB; Ap^(R)pPs619C143 pBluescript II KS(+) derivative; R. eutropha PHA The present7-HadA biosynthesis operon promoter, Pseudomonas sp. invention MBEL 6-19phaC_(Ps6-19)variant (phaC1437; E130D, S325T, S477G, Q481K), Clostridiumdifficile hadA gene, transcriptional terminator of the R. eutropha PHAbiosynthesis operon; Ap^(R) pET22b- pET22b(+) derivative; T7 promoter,the The present hisPCT540 C. propionicum pct540 gene; Ap^(R) inventionpET22b- pET22b(+) derivative; promoter, the S. coelicolor The presenthis4CL gene; Ap^(R) invention pET22b- pET22b(+) derivative; promoter,the S. coelicolor The present his4CL(A294G) (A294G) gene; Ap^(R)invention pET22b- pET22b(+) derivative; promoter, the C. botulinum A Thepresent hisFldA str. ATCC 3502 fldA gene; Ap^(R) invention pKM212-pKM212-MCS derivative; tac promoter, the E. coli The present AroG^(fbr)feedback resistant aroG(D146N) gene; Km^(R) invention pKM212-pKM212-MCSderivative; tac promoter, the E. coli The presentAroG^(fbr)PAL feedback resistant aroG(D146N) and Streptomyces inventionmaritimus PALgenes; Km^(R) pKM212- pKM212-MCS derivative; tac promoter,the E. coli The present AroG^(fbr)PheA^(fbr) feedback resistantaroG(D146N) and pheA(T326P) invention genes; Km^(R) pKM212- pKM212-MCSderivative; tac promoter, the E. coli The present GPE-PhaAB feedbackresistant aroG(D146N), pheA(T326P), invention R. eutropha PHAbiosynthesis operon promoter, R. eutropha phaA and phaB genes; Km^(R)pKM212- pKM212-MCS derivative; tac promoter, the E. coli The presentGPE-100PhaAB feedback resistant aroG(D146N), pheA(T326P), inventionBBa_J23100 promoter, R. eutropha phaA and phaB genes; Km^(R) pKM212-pKM212-MCS derivative; tac promoter, the E. coli The presentGPE-105PhaAB feedback resistant aroG(D146N), pheA(T326P), inventionBBa_J23105 promoter, R. eutropha phaA and phaB genes; Km^(R) pKM212-pKM212-MCS derivative; tac promoter, the E. coli The presentGPE-114PhaAB feedback resistant aroG(D146N), pheA(T326P), inventionBBa_J23114 promoter, R. eutropha phaA and phaB genes; Km^(R) pKM212-pKM212-MCS derivative; tac promoter, the E. coli The presentGPE-109PhaAB feedback resistant aroG(D146N), pheA(T326P), inventionBBa_J23109 promoter, R. eutropha phaA and phaB genes; Km^(R) pKM212-pKM212-MCS derivative; tac promoter, the E. coli The presentGPE-103PhaAB feedback resistant aroG(D146N), pheA(T326P), inventionBBa_J23103 promoter, R. eutropha phaA and phaB genes; Km^(R) pTrc-FldHpTrc99A derivative; trc promoter, the C. botulinum The present A str.ATCC 3502 fldH gene; Ap^(R) invention pACYC184KS pACYC184 derivative;MCS of pBluescript II KS in Patent XbaI and NaeI site of pACYC184;Cm^(R) pACYC-FldH pACYC184KS derivative; trc promoter, the The presentC. botulinum A str. ATCC 3502 fldH gene; Cm^(R) invention pACYC-pACYC184KS derivative; trc promoter, the The present 4CL(A294G) S.coelicolor (A294G) gene; Cm^(R) invention pACYC- pACYC184KS derivative;trc promoter, the The present 4CL(A294G) S. coelicolor (A294G) and theC. botulinum A str. invention FldA ATCC 3502 fldA genes; Cm^(R) pACYC-pACYC184KS derivative; trc promoter, the S. coelicolor The present4CL(A294G) (A294G), and the C. botulinum A str. ATCC 3502 fldA and fldHinvention FldAH genes; Cm^(R) pET22b- pET22b(+) derivative; promoter,the C. difficile A str. ATCC The present hisHadA hadA genes; Ap^(R)invention pKM212-HmaS pKM212-MCS derivative; tac promoter, theAmycolatopsis The present orientalis hmaS gene; Km^(R) invention pKM212-pKM212-MCS derivative; tac promoter, the A. orientalis hmaS The presentHmaSHmo and S. coelicolor hmo genes; Km^(R) invention pKM212- pKM212-MCSderivative; tac promoter, the A. orientalis hmaS The present HmaSHmoDmdand S. coelicolor hmo and Rhodotorula graminis dmd genes; Km^(R)invention pKA312-MCS pKA32-MCS derivative; tac promoter, R. eutropha PHA⁷ biosynthesis genes transcription terminator; Cm^(R) pKA312-PanEpKA312-MCS derivative; tac promoter, Lactococcus lactis subsp. ⁷ lactisIl1403 panE gene; Cm^(R) pKA312- pKA312-MCS derivative; tac promoter,the E. coli feedback The present AroG^(fbr)PheA^(fbr) resistantaroG(D146N) and pheA(T326P) genes; Cm^(R) invention pMtrcFldH pMtrc9derivative; trc promoter, the C. botulinum A str. ATCC The present 3502fldH gene; Ap^(R) invention

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8 Knobloch, K. H. & Hahlbrock, K., Archives of Biochemistry andBiophysics 184: 237, 1977.

9 Kaneko, M. et al., J Bacteriol 185:20, 2003.

TABLE 3 SEQ ID Primer Sequence NO Pcthis-FCGCGCATATGAGAAAGGTTCCCATTATTAC 14 Pcthis-RCGCGGGATCCTTAGTGATGGTGATGGTGGTGGGAC 15 TTCATTTCCTTCAGAC 4CLhis-FTACAGAATTCATGTTCCGCAGCGAGTACGC 16 4CLhis-RTATTCCTGCAGGTTAGTGATGGTGATGGTGGTGTC 17 GCGGCTCCCTGAGCTGTC 4CLmut-FTACATCGTCAGCGGCGCC 18 4CLmut-R GGCGCCGCTGACGATGTA 19 FldAhis-FCGCGCATATGGAAAACAATGCAAACATGTT 20 FldAhis-RCGCGAAGCTTTTAGTGATGGTGATGGTGGTGTTTT 21 TCTTTGCGAACCATGATA AroG-FCGCGGAATTCATGAATTATCAGAACGACGA 22 AroG-R TATTAAGCTTTTACCCGCGACGCGCTTTTA23 PheA-F TATCAAGCTTACACAGGAAACAGAAATGACATCGG 24 AAAACCCGTT PheA-RCGCGAAGCTTTCAGGTTGGATCAACAGGCA 25 PheAmut-FACAATCTGATTATGCCCCGTCTGGAATCAC 26 PheAmut-RGTGATTCCAGACGGGGCATAATCAGATTGT 27 PAL-Kp-FTATAGGTACCACACAGGAAACAGAAATGGGGACCT 28 TCGTTATTGA PAL-Sal-RCGCTGTCGACTTATCACTTGTCATCGTCAT 29 FldH-FTATAGGATCCATGAAAATCCTGGCGTATTGCG 30 FldH-RCGCGAAGCTTTTATTTACAAACGCGCTGGT 31 Trc-F CGCGCTCGAGGCTGTTGACAATTAATCATC32 Ter-R CGCGGAGCTCTGTAGAAACGCAAAAAGGCC 33 FldA-FTATACCTGCAGGACACAGGAAACAGAAATGGAAAA 34 CAATGCAAACAT FldA-RTATGCCTGCAGGTTAGTGATGGTGATGGTGGT 35 FldH-sbFTATACCTGCAGGACACAGGAAACAGAAATGAAAAT 36 CCTGGCGTATTGCG FldH-hiRCGCGAAGCTTTTATTTACAAACGCGCTGGT 37 HadA-hisFCGGCCATATGCTTTTAGAAGGAGTTAAAGT 38 HadA-hisRTATTGCGGCCGCTTAGTGATGGTGATGGTGGTGAT 39 ATCTTACAACTTTACTAT HadA-sbFTATTCCTGCAGGCGGATAACAATTTCACACAGGAA 40 ACAGAATTCATGCTTTTAGAAGGAGTTAAHadA-ndR CGCGCATATGTTAATATCTTACAACTTTAC 41 HadA-TATTCCTGCAGGACACAGGAAACAGAAATGCTTTT 42 sbmR AGAAGGAGTTAA HadA-TATACCTGCAGGTTAATATCTTACAACTTTAC 43 sbmR Hmo-FTATAGGTACCACACAGGAAACAGAAATGCGGGAAC 44 CACTCACGCT Hmo-RTATAGGATCCTTATCCATGGCTCCTATCTCGGT 45 Dmd-FTATAGGATCCACACAGGAAACAGAAATGCCTCGTC 46 CGCGCGTCCT Dmd-RTATGCCTGCAGGTTATGCAGCAGATGACGGCGCAAA 47 PanE-FTATAGGATCCACACAGGAAACAGAAATGAGAATTA 48 CAATTGCCGG PanE-RCGCGCCTGCAGGTTATTTTGCTTTTAATAACTCTTC 59 PheA-kpRTATTGGTACCTCAGGTTGGATCAACAGGCA 50 tyrRKO-FATAGTGTCATATCATCATATTAATTGTTCTTTTTTC 51AGGTGAAGGTTCCCTAGGTGACACTATAGAACGCG tyrRKO-RCGGCTGGTGATTTCGTCCAGCGAACCTTCCATCGCA 52TCTTCGCCCACGGCTAGTGGATCTGATGGGTACC tyrRKO-TTTCCGTCTTTGTGTCAATGATTGTTGACAGAAACC 53 EXFTTCCTGCTATCCAAATAGTGTCATATCATCATAT tyrRKO-GCGTGCTGGGATAATTGCGATAAAGCTGGGTTAATA 54 EXRCCGAGCGTTCAAAACGGCTGGTGATTTCGTCCAG poxBKO-FTTTCTCTCCCATCCCTTCCCCCTCCGTCAGATGAAC 55TAAACTTGTTACCGGACACTATAGAACGCGGCCG poxBKO-RGCGCAGCATATACAGGCTGAAACCTTTGGCCTGTTC 56GAGTTTGATCTGCGCCGCATAGGCCACTAGTGGA poxBKO-TATGCCCGATGATATTCCTTTCATCGGGCTATTTAA 57 EXFCCGTTAGTGCCTCCTTTCTCTCCCATCCCTTCCC poxBKO-TTTGTTTTCGCCAGTTCGATCACTTCATCACCGCGT 58 EXRCCGCTGATGATTGCGCGCAGCATATACAGGCTGA pflBKO-FTACCAAAGGTGACTGGCAGAATGAAGTAAACGTCCG 59TGACTTCATTCAGAGACACTATAGAACGCGGCCG pflBKO-RGCGAGTTGAAACGTACTGCGTAGCCAGATACACGGA 60TGGTCAGCTGCGGACCGCATAGGCCACTAGTGGA pflBKO-TGTTACATGTCCGAGCTTAATGAAAAGTTAGCCACA 61 EXFGCCTGGGAAGGTTTTACCAAAGGTGACTGGCAGA pflBKO-AGATTGAGTGAAGGTACGAGTAATAACGTCCTGCTG 62 EXRCTGTTCTTTAGTCAGCGAGTTGAAACGTACTGCG adhEKO-FTGAACTTAACGCACTCGTAGAGCGTGTAAAAAAAGC 63CCAGCGTGAATATGGACACTATAGAACGCGGCCG adhEKO-RGCTTTTTTCTCAGCTTTAGCCGGAGCAGCTTCTTTC 64TTCGCTGCAGTTTCCCGCATAGGCCACTAGTGGA adhEKO-AAAAAAGTTTAACATTATCAGGAGAGCATTATGGCT 65 EXFGTTACTAATGTCGCTGAACTTAACGCACTCGTAGAG adhEKO-AGGGGCCGTTTATGTTGCCAGACAGCGCTACTGATT 66 EXRAAGCGGATTTTTTCGCTTTTTTCTCAGCTTTAGCCG frdBKO-FGCGGAAGCAGCCAATAAGAAGGAGAAGGCGAATGGC 67TGAGATGAAAAACCGACACTATAGAACGCGGCCG tyrBKO-FGTGTTTCAAAAAGTTGACGCCTACGCTGGCGACCCG 68ATTCTTACGCTTATTAGGTGACACTATAGAACGCG tyrBKO-RTGGCAATGGCGCGAATAGCGTAGGCATCCTCTTCCA 69TACCGGCACCAAATTAGTGGATCTGATGGGTACC tyrBKO-CCGGTTTATTGTGTTTTAACCACCTGCCCGTAAACC 70 EXFTGGAGAACCATCGCGTGTTTCAAAAAGTTGACGC tyrBKO-GGAGAAAATTTTCGAGAACGAATTGCTCACCAGAGC 71 EXRGGGTAATCCAGCGCTGGCAATGGCGCGAATAGCG aspCKO-FATGTTTGAGAACATTACCGCCGCTCCTGCCGACCCG 72ATTCTGGGCCTGGCTAGGTGACACTATAGAACGCG aspCKO-RTAGCCGCGAAAGCGCGCAGTCCTTCAGCATCTTCTT 73CCAGACCACGGGCATAGTGGATCTGATGGGTACC aspCKO-CGTTACCCTGATAGCGGACTTCCCTTCTGTAACCAT 74 EXFAATGGAACCTCGTCATGTTTGAGAACATTACCGC aspCKO-CAGGCCAAAGTTTTTAGAGTAGGAACTGGCAACAAT 75 EXRCAGCTCTTTATGCATAGCCGCGAAAGCGCGCAGT PhaAB- TATAGGATCCCGGGCAAGTACCTTGCCGAC76 BamF PhaAB- TATCAAGCTTTCAGCCCATATGCAGGCCGC 77 sbR 100-Kpn-FTATTGGTACCTTGACGGCTAGCTCAGTCCTAGGTAC 78AGTGCTAGCGAATTCACAGGAAACAGACCATGACTG ACGTTGTCATCGT PhaB-TATTGGATCCTCAGCCCATATGCAGGCCGC 79 Bam-R 105-Kpn-FTATTGGTACCTTTACGGCTAGCTCAGTCCTAGGTAC 80TATGCTAGCGAATTCACAGGAAACAGACCATGACTG ACGTTGTCATCGT 114-Kpn-FTATTGGTACCTTTATGGCTAGCTCAGTCCTAGGTAC 81AATGCTAGCGAATTCACAGGAAACAGACCATGACTG ACGTTGTCATCGT 109-Kpn-FTATTGGTACCTTTACAGCTAGCTCAGTCCTAGGGAC 82TGTGCTAGCGAATTCACAGGAAACAGACCATGACTG ACGTTGTCATCGT 103-Kpn-FTATTGGTACCCTGATAGCTAGCTCAGTCCTAGGGAT 83TATGCTAGCGAATTCACAGGAAACAGACCATGACTG ACGTTGTCATCGT ldhAKO-FACAGGTGAACGAGTCCTTTGGCTTTGAGCTGGAATT 84TTTTGACTTTCTGCGACACTATAGAACGCGGCCG ldhAKO-RTTGCTTAAGTTTTGCAGCGTAGTCTGAGAAATACTG 85GTCAGAGCTTCTGCCCGCATAGGCCACTAGTGGA ldhAKO-ATGAAACTCGCCGTTTATAGCACAAAACAGTACGAC 86 EXFAAGAAGTACCTGCAACAGGTGAACGAGTCCTTTG ldhAKO-AGCGGCAAGATTAAACCAGTTCGTTCGGGCAGGTTT 87 EXRCGCCTTTTTCCAGATTGCTTAAGTTTTGCAGCGT ldhArep-RTTGCTTAAGTTTTGCAGCGTAGTCTGAGAAATACTG 88GTCAGAGCTTCTGCTGAGCGGATACATATTTGAATG TATTT

EXAMPLE 1: Preparation of Recombinant 2-HydroxyisocapronateCoA-Transferase

An enzyme using acetyl-CoA as a CoA donor and having a broad spectrum ofaromatic substrates was found. Sequence similarity analysis wasperformed to identify homologous enzymes for FldA, and2-isocaprenoyl-CoA:2-hydroxyisocaproate CoA-transferase of Clostridiumdifficile (HadA, SEQ ID NO: 1), which has an amino acid sequenceidentity of 48% or more with FldA, was screened from various FldAshaving different origins (FIG. 2).

In order to produce a recombinant vector containing a gene encodingHadA, PCR was performed using the chromosomal DNA of Clostridiumdifficile 630 strain as a template, and HadA-hisF and HadA-hisR asprimers to produce a his_HadA gene fragment encoding a2-hydroxyisocaproate-CoA transferase having a his-tag at the C terminusthereof.

Next, the his HadA fragment thus produced and the pET22b plasmid, whichconducted strong gene expression of the T7 promoter, were treated withrestriction enzymes (NdeI and NotI) and then the his HadA fragmentcleaved with the restriction enzyme was ligated with the pET22b plasmidusing a T4 DNA ligase to produce pET22b hisHadA as a recombinant plasmid(FIG. 2).

The pET22b_hisHadA was introduced into E. coli XL1-Blue (StratageneCloning Systems, USA), cultured and added with IPTG to induce HadAexpression. Then, HadA was purified in the culture medium using His-tagin a Ni-NTA spin kit (Quiagen, Germany) (FIG. 3A).

EXAMPLE 2 Identification of Substrate Diversity of 2-HydroxyisocaproateCoA-Transferase

In order to identify whether or not HadA is capable of using acetyl-CoAas a donor, in-vitro assays were performed using HadA prepared inExample 1.

10 μg of HadA was added to 50 mM phosphate buffer (pH 7.5) containing0.1 mM acetyl-CoA and a 10 mM substrate, and the reaction was carriedout at 30° C. for 10 minutes. After the reaction, 0.1 mM oxaloaceticacid, 5 μg of citrate synthase and 0.5 mM 5.5′-dithiobis-(2-nitrobenzoicacid) (DTNB) were added. Then, the amount of released CoA was analyzedby measuring the absorbance at 412 nm (FIG. 3B).

Analysis of the resulting aliphatic and aromatic acyl-CoA was performedon LC-MS (Agilent 1100 series and LC/MSD VL, Agilent) equipped with anEclipse XDB-C18 column (5 μm, 4.6×150 mm, Agilent).

As a result, as can be seen from FIG. 4, HadA is capable of usingacetyl-CoA as a donor and of using mandelate, 4-hydroxymandelate,phenyllactate, 4-hydroxyphenyllactate, 2-hydroxy-4-phenylbutyrate,3-hydroxy-3-phenylpropionate and 4-hydroxybenzoic acid as substrates forconversion to the corresponding CoA derivatives.

FIG. 5 shows the molecular formulae of CoA conversion reactions ofvarious substrates that can be converted by HadA.

EXAMPLE 3 Production of Recombinant Strain with Increased AromaticMonomer Production

E. coli was engineered to produce D-phenyllactate from glucose in vivo.The biosynthesis of aromatic compounds begins with the synthesis of3-deoxy-D-arabino-heptulosonate-7-phosphate (DAHP), which is synthesizedby the condensation of phosphoenolpyruvate (PEP) anderythrose-4-phosphate (E4P). The produced DAHP is converted intophenylpyruvate (PPA), which is then converted into D-phenyllactatethrough D-lactate dehydrogenase (FldH) (FIG. 1). The metabolic pathwayfor aromatic compound biosynthesis is known to be controlled by variousinhibition mechanisms in a complicated manner. The expression of theDAHP synthase encoded by aroG and the chorismate mutase/prephenatedehydrogenase encoded by pheA is inhibited by L-phenylalanine (Ribe, D.E. et al., J. Bacteriol. 127:1085, 1976).

In the present invention, feedback-inhibition-resistant mutants, AroGfbr[AroG (D146N)] and PheAfbr [PheA (T326P)], were constructed to releasethe feedback inhibition by L-phenylalanine (Zhou, H. Y. et al.,Bioresour. Technol. 101:4151, 2010; Kikuchi, Y. et al., Appl. Environ.Microbiol. 63:761, 1997). E. coli XL1-Blue expressing AroGfbr, PheAfbrand FldH of C. botulinum A str. ATCC 3502 was produced.

In order to construct pKM212-AroGfbr, a PCR product was obtained from a3-deoxy-D-arabino-heptulosonate-7-phosphate synthase gene (aroG), whichis a feedback-inhibiting resistance mutant, using AroG-F and AroG-R asprimers and using pTyr-a plasmid as a template (Na, D. et al., NatureBiotechnol. 31: 170, 2013), and the PCR product was ligated topKM212-MCS with restriction enzymes site (EcoRI/HidIII) (Park, S J etal., Metab. Eng. 20:20, 2013) to produce pKM212-AroGfbr.

The pKM212-AroGfbrPheAfbr plasmid was constructed as follows. First, aDNA fragment of 991 bp was amplified by PCR from the genomic DNA of E.coli using PheA-F and PheAmut-R as primers of a single mutatednucleotide (T976G). Second, a DNA fragment of 200 bp was amplified fromthe genomic DNA of E. coli using PheA-R and PheAmut-F as primers of asingle mutated nucleotide (A976C).

Then, a DNA fragment of 1161 bp was amplified by overlap PCR usingPheA-F and PheA-R as primers and two mixed fragments as templates. ThePCR product was ligated to the pKM212-AroGfbr produced above using arestriction enzyme (HindIII).

D-lactate dehydrogenase (fldH) of C. botulinum A str. ATCC 3502 was usedfor construction of pACYC-FldH. The codon usage of fldH genes wasoptimized for E. coli and the fldH gene optimized for E. coli wasamplified using FldH-F and FldH-R as primers and pUC57-FldHopt(GenScript, Piscataway, N.J., USA) as a template.

The PCR product was ligated with pTrc99A (Pharmacia, Biotech, Sweden)using restriction enzymes (BamHI/HindIII) to construct pTrc-FldH. Next,the fldH gene combined with the trc promoter and the rrnB terminator wasamplified through PCR using Trc-F and Ter-R as primers and pTrc-FldH asa template. The amplified PCR product was ligated with pACYC184KS(Korean Patent Laid-Open No. 2015-0142304) using restriction enzymes(XhoI/SacI) to obtain pACYC-FldH.

The pKM212-AroGfbrPheAfbr and pACYC-FldH thus produced were introducedinto E. coli XL1-Blue to produce a recombinant E. coli expressingAroGfbr, PheAfbr and FldH.

The E. coli produced 0.372 g/L of D-phenyllactate when cultured in MRmedium containing 15.2 g/L of glucose.

The MR medium contained 6.67 g of KH₂PO₄, 4 g of (NH₄)₂HPO₄, 0.8 g ofMgSO₄.7H₂O, 0.8 g of citrate and 5 ml of a trace metal solution perliter, and the trace metal solution contained 0.5 M HCl: 10 g ofFeSO₄.7H₂O, 2 g of CaCl₂, 2.2 g of ZnSO₄.7H₂O, 0.5 g of MnSO₄.4H₂O, 1 gof CuSO₄.5H₂O, 0.1 g of (NH₄)₆Mo₇O₂₄.4H₂O and 0.02 g of Na₂B₄O₇.10H₂O.

In order to increase the production amount of aromatic monomers throughmetabolic engineering, the yields of E. coli XL1-Blue strains expressingAroGfbr, PheAfbr and FldH, producing small amounts of D-phenyllactate(0.372 g/L) from glucose, were increased through metabolic engineering.E. coli XBT strains expressing AroGfbr, PheAfbr and FldH were producedby deleting TyrR, which is a double transcription regulator thatperforms regulation to inhibit aromatic amino acid biosynthesis.

The deletion of the tyrR gene in E. coli expressing AroGfbr, PheAfbr andFldH was carried out using a one-step inactivation method (Datsenko, K.A. et al., Proc. Natl Acad Sci. USA 97: 6640, 2000).

The E. coli XBT strain was cultured in an MR medium containing 16.4 g/Lof glucose. As a result, the strain produced 0.5 g/L of D-phenyllactate,which corresponded to productivity of 30% higher than the E. coliXL1-blue strain from which tyrR was not deleted.

In order to remove the pathway colliding with D-phenyllactate synthesis,E. coli XB201T was constructed by deleting poxB (a gene encoding apyruvate oxidase), pflB (a gene encoding a pyruvate formate lyase), adhE(a gene encoding an acetaldehyde dehydrogenase/alcohol dehydrogenase)and frdB (a gene encoding a fumarate reductase) from E. coli XBT.

The E. coli XB201T strain produced 0.55 g/L of D-phenyllactate from 15.7g/L of glucose, which corresponded to a yield 10% higher than that of E.coli XBT. In addition, metabolic engineering analysis according toin-silico genome scale metabolism flux analysis was performed to furtherincrease the production of D-phenyllactate.

For in-silico flux response analysis, the E. coli iJO1366 genome scalemodel, which consists of 2251 metabolism reactions and 1135 metabolites,was used, and the effects of central and aromatic amino acidbiosynthesis on the production of D-phenyllactate were investigated. Inorder to reflect the same in the XB201T strain of the present invention,a heterologous metabolic reaction of D-phenyllactate biosynthesis (fldHgene) was further added to the model and the flux was fixed to zero toreflect the gene knockout in the model. The rate of D-phenyllactateproduction was maximized to a target function, while the central aminoacid and aromatic amino acid biosynthesis reaction flux values weregradually increased from a minimum value to a maximum value. During thesimulation, the glucose reaction rate was set at 10 mmol per 1 g of thedry cell weight on an hourly basis. All simulations were run in a Pythonenvironment using the Gurobi Optimizer 6.0 and the GurobiPy package(Gurobi Optimization, Inc. Houston, Tex.). Reading, writing andexecution of COBRA-compliant SBML files were conducted using COBRApy32.

As a result, as shown in FIG. 6, a tyrB gene encoding a tyrosineaminotransferase and an aspC gene encoding an aspartic acidaminotransferase were removed from the E. coli strain XB201T to reducethe L-phenylalanine biosynthesis and thereby enhance the carbon flow toD-phenyllactate.

The E. coli strain XB201TBA prepared, as a result of the in-silico fluxresponse analysis, was found to produce 1.62 g/L of D-phenyllactate from18.5 g/L of glucose, resulting in a great increase in yield, namely 4.35times higher than the D-phenyllactate production of the E. coli XL1-bluestrain expressing AroGfbr, PheAfbr and FldH.

EXAMPLE 4 Preparation of Polyhydroxyalkanoate Containing AromaticMonomer using Recombinant Strain

In order to prevent the formation of D-lactate in XB201TBA, the ldhAgene was further deleted to prepare XB201TBAL strain. In order toprepare polyhydroxyalkanoate containing aromatic monomers, PhaC1437 andHadA were expressed in the E. coli XB201TBAL strain.

In order to prepare a recombinant vector containing genes encodingPhaC1437 and HadA, PCR was performed using HadA-sbF and HadA-ndR asprimers and the chromosomal DNA of Clostridium difficile 630 strain as atemplate, to produce a hadA gene fragment encoding ahydroxyisocaproate-CoA transferase. The amplified PCR product wasligated with p619C1437-pct540 (Yang, T. H. et al. Biotechnol. Bioeng.105: 150, 2010) using restriction enzymes (SbfI/NdeI) to obtainp619C1437-HadA. The obtained p619C1437-HadA was introduced into E. coliXB201TBAL to prepare recombinant E. coli expressing AroGfbr, PheAfbr,FldH, PhaC1437 and HadA. The E. coli was cultured in MR mediumcontaining 20 g/L of glucose and 1 g/L of sodium 3HB to obtain poly(52.1mol % 3HB-co-47.9 mol % D-phenyllactate) in an amount of 15.8 wt % ofthe dry cell weight (FIG. 7). Also, poly(52.3 mol % 3HB-co-47.7 mol %D-phenyllactate) was produced in an amount of 24.3% by weight of drycell weight through fed-batch fermentation (FIGS. 10A and 10B).

EXAMPLE 5 Preparation of Polyhydroxyalkanoate Containing VariousAromatic Monomers Using Recombinant Strain

In order to identify whether or not the system using E. coli XB201TBALcan be used for the preparation of various aromatic copolymers,experiments were conducted using mandelate as a monomer.

E. coli XB201TBAL expressing AroGfbr, PheAfbr, FldH, PhaC1437 and HadAwere cultured in an MR medium containing 1 g/L of sodium 3HB and 0.5 g/Lof D-mandelate. As a result, poly(55.2 mol % 3HB-co-43.0 mol %D-phenyllactate-co-1.8 mol % D-mandelate) was produced in an amount of11.6 wt % of the dry cell weight (FIGS. 8A and 8B), thereby successfullypreparing an aromatic polymer containing D-mandelate using D-mandelateas a substrate.

Next, D-mandelate was prepared in vivo through metabolic engineering. Ahydroxymandelate synthase (HmaS) derived from Amycolatopsis orientalis,a hydroxymandelate oxidase (Hmo) of S. coelicolor, and D-mandelatedehydrogenase (Dmd) of Rhodotorula graminis were expressed in E. coliXB201TBAL expressing AroGfbr, PheAfbr, FldH, PhaC1437 and HadA in orderto produce D-mandelate from glucose.

For construction of pKM212-HmaS, the plasmid pUC57-HmaSopt was preparedby using the hydroxymandelate synthase gene (hmaS) of A. orientalis andcloning the codon into a synthetic vector in E. coli (GenScript,Piscataway, N.J., USA).

The pUC57-HmaSopt was ligated to pKM212-MCS using a restriction enzyme(EcoRI/KpnI). In order to construct pKM212-HmaSHmo, the codon-optimizedhmo gene (GenScript, Piscataway, N.J., USA) was synthesized using thehydroxymandelate oxidase gene (hmo) of S. coelicolor and was amplifiedthrough PCR using Hmo-F and Hmo-R as primers. The PCR product wasligated with pKM212-HmaS using restriction enzymes (KpnI/BamHI) toconstruct pKM212-HmaSHmo.

In order to construct pKM212-HmaSHmoDmd, pUC57-Dmd containing the E.coli codon-optimized dmd gene was synthesized (GenScript, Piscataway,N.J., USA) and an E. coli codon-optimized R. graminis D-mandelatedehydrogenase gene (dmd) was amplified through PCR using Dmd-F and Dmd-Ras primers. The PCR product was ligated with pKM212-HmaSHmo usingrestriction enzymes (BamHI/SbfI) to prepare pKM2l2-HmaSHmoDmd.

The prepared pKM212-HmaSHmoDmd was introduced into E. coli XB201TBALexpressing AroGfbr, PheAfbr, FldH, PhaC1437 and HadA to construct arecombinant strain having the potential to produce mandelate.

The constructed recombinant strain having the potential to producemandelate was cultured in a medium containing 20 g/L of glucose and 1g/L of sodium 3HB. As a result, poly(92.9 mol % 3HB-co-6.3 mol %D-phenyllactate-co-0.8 mol % D-mandelate) was produced in an amount of16.4 wt % of the dry cell weight.

The production of an aromatic polymer using 3-hydroxy-3-phenylpropionate(3HPh) as another aromatic monomer was identified. When the E. colistrain XB201TBAL was cultured in a medium containing 20 g/L of glucose,0.5 g/L of 3-hydroxy-3-phenylpropionic acid and 1 g/L of sodium 3HB,poly(33.3 mol % 3HB-co-18 mol % D-phenyllactate-co-48.7 mol % 3HPh) wasproduced in an amount of 14.7% by weight of dry cell weight (FIGS. 8Cand 8D). These results suggest that a system using the2-hydroxyisocaproate-CoA transferase developed in the present inventioncan be widely used for the production of various aromatic polyesters.

EXAMPLE 6 Preparation of Polyhydroxyalkanoate Containing VariousLong-Chain 2-HA using Recombinant Strain

In order to identify whether or not the system using2-hydroxyisocaproate-CoA transferase of the present invention can beused for the production of polyhydroxyalkanoates containing variouslong-chain 2-HA, polymer productivity was confirmed using variouslong-chain 2-HA monomers [2-hydroxyisocaproate (2HIC),2-hydroxyhexanoate (2HH) and 2-hydroxyoctanoate (2HO)]. E. coli XL1-Blueexpressing PhaC1437 and HadA was cultured in an MR medium containing 1g/L of 3HB, 20 g/L of glucose and different concentrations (0.25, 0.5and 1 g/L) of long-chain 2-HA. As a result, a copolymer containinghydroxyisocaproate, 2-hydroxyhexanoate or 2-hydroxyoctanoate wasprepared. In addition, it was confirmed that, as the concentration of2-HA contained in the medium increased, the mole fraction of the monomercontained in the copolymer increased (Tables 4, 5 and 6).

TABLE 4 2HIC concentration PHA content 2HIC 3HB LA (g/L) (wt %) (mol %)(mol %) (mol %) 0.25 21.3 ± 0.3 12.4 ± 0.8 83.8 ± 2.3 3.8 ± 3.1 0.5 24.0± 0.7 25.8 ± 2.4 70.0 ± 2.4 4.2 ± 1.5 1 35.3 ± 0.3  74.0 ± 14.6  23.2 ±13.8 2.8 ± 0.9

TABLE 5 2HH concentration PHA content 2HH 3HB LA (g/L) (wt %) (mol %)(mol %) (mol %) 0.25 15.9 ± 0.5 17.2 ± 1.2 63.5 ± 5.8 19.3 ± 4.6 0.521.3 ± 5.5 35.1 ± 1.5 39.5 ± 1.0 25.4 ± 1.7 1 23.7 ± 0.3 52.3 ± 2.5 29.4± 2.5 18.3 ± 1.8

TABLE 6 2HO concentration PHA content 2HO 3HB LA (g/L) (wt %) (mol %)(mol %) (mol %) 0.25 16.8 ± 1.6 20.3 ± 3.8 72.4 ± 3.8 7.3 ± 0.1 0.5 13.7± 0.7 39.3 ± 1.6 54.4 ± 2.5 6.3 ± 1.0 1 16.4 ± 0.4 44.3 ± 1.0 47.1 ± 0.38.6 ± 0.8

EXAMPLE 7 Preparation of Polyhydroxyalkanoate Containing AromaticMonomers with Various Mole Fractions Through Synthetic-Promoter-BasedFlux Control

In order to produce a strain producing aromatic PHA without the supplyof 3HB from the outside, R. eutropha R-ketothiolase (PhaA) andacetoacetyl-CoA reductase (PhaB) were further expressed in an XB201TBALstrain, and whether or not aromatic PHA was prepared from glucosewithout the external supplementation of 3HB was identified.

As a result, as expected, the XB201TBAL strain expressing AroGfbr,PheAfbr, FldH, PhaC1437 and HadA produced poly(86.2 mol % 3HB-co-13.8mol % D-phenyllactate) from 20 g/L of glucose in an amount of 18.0 wt %of the dry cell weight. In addition, the production of aromatic PHAshaving various monomer mole fractions important for industrialapplications was attempted by controlling the metabolic flux catalyzedby PhaAB using the synthetic Anderson promoter (http://parts.igem.org/).Five different plasmids expressing PhaAB with five different promotersof different strength (SEQ ID NOS: 89-93) were prepared and introducedinto XB201TBAL strains expressing AroGfbr, PheAfbr, FldH, PhaC1437 andHadA.

As PhaAB expression decreased, the mole fraction of D-phenyllactatemonomers increased; copolymers having 11.0 mol %, 15.8 mol %, 20.0 mol%, 70.8 mol % and 84.5 mol % of D-phenyllactate could be prepared (FIGS.9A and 9B and Table 7); poly(15.5 mol % 3HB-co-84.5 mol %D-phenyllactate) was produced in an amount of 4.3 wt % of the dry cellweight by expressing PhaAB with the BBa_J23103 promoter (FIG. 9B). Theseresults suggest that aromatic polyesters having various aromatic monomermole fractions can be produced by controlling the metabolic flux.

TABLE 7 Mole fraction Molecular weight (Da) Synthetic (mol % ± s.d.)M_(w)/ Tg promoters 3HB PhLA M_(n) M_(w) M_(n) (° C.) BBa_J23100 89.0 ±0.8 11.0 ± 0.5 24920 50120 2.01 9.41 BBa_J23105 84.2 ± 2.7 15.8 ± 0.422470 45460 2.02 10.05 BBa_J23114 80.0 ± 1.8 20.0 ± 1.3 15760 25850 1.6415.64 BBa_J23109 29.2 ± 1.1 70.8 ± 1.2 2665 4184 1.57 29.04 BBa_J2310315.5 ± 0.6 84.5 ± 3.3 3569 4588 1.29 33.47

EXAMPLE 8 Preparation of Aromatic Polyhydroxyalkanoate Through Fed-BatchFermentation

In this example, pH-stat culturing of the E. coli strain XB201TBALexpressing AroGfbr, PheAfbr, FldH, HadA, PhaC1437 and PhaAB under thepromoter BBa_J23114 was performed without the supply of 3HB. After 96hours of culture, poly(67.6 mol % 3HB-co-32.4 mol % D-phenyllactate)with a polymer content of 43.8 wt % of the dry cell weight was producedat 2.5 g/L (FIGS. 10C and 10D).

Also, in order to further improve the production of aromaticpolyhydroxyalkanoate, the gene expression system was optimized byreplacing the ldhA gene of the E. coli XB201TBA chromosome with the fldHgene. In addition, the expression of the fldH gene was increased byreplacing the natural promoter of the ldhA gene with a strong trcpromoter. Fed-batch fermentation including feeding glucose using a pulsefeeding method was performed. The E. coli strain XB201TBAF expressingAroGfbr, PheAfbr, FldH, HadA, PhaC1437 and PhaAB under the promoterBBa_J23114 produced 13.9 g/L of poly(69.1 mol % 3HB-co-38.1 mol %D-phenyllactate) with a polymer content of 55.0 wt % of the dry cellweight through fed-batch fermentation (FIGS. 10E and 10F), and theproduction amount of 13.9 g/L was 5.56 times higher than 2.5 g/L, whichis the amount produced by the E. coli XB201TBAL strain expressingAroGfbr, PheAfbr, FldH, HadA, PhaC1437 and PhaAB under the promotersBBa_J23114, and was much higher than that obtained through fed-batchculture of the E. coli XB201TBAL strain expressing AroGfbr, PheAfbr,FldH, HadA and PhaC1437 in the medium supplemented with glucose and 3HB.These results indicate that the aromatic polyhydroxyalkanoate can besuccessfully produced at a high concentration through fed-batchfermentation of the engineered strain (E. coli XB201TBAF strainexpressing AroGfbr, PheAfbr, FldH, HadA, PhaC1437 and PhaAB underBBa_J23114 promoter).

EXAMPLE 9 Analysis of Physical Properties of PolyhydroxyalkanoateContaining Aromatic Monomers

Finally, the physical properties of aromatic PHAs produced bymetabolically engineered E. coli were investigated.

The polyhydroxyalkanoate (PHA) content and monomer composition weredetermined through GC or GC-MS. The collected cells were washed threetimes with distilled water and lyophilized for 24 hours, and the PHA ofthe lyophilized cells was converted to the correspondinghydroxymethylester through acid-catalyzed methanolysis. The resultingmethylester was purified using a GC apparatus (Agilent 6890N, Agilent,USA) equipped with an Agilent 7683 automatic injector, a frameionization detector and a fused silica capillary column (ATTM-Wax, 30 m,ID 0.53 mm, thickness 1.20 μm, Alltech, USA). The polymer was extractedthrough chloroform extraction and purified in cells using solventextraction. The structure, molecular weight and thermal properties ofthe polymer were measured using nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR), gelpermeation chromatography (GPC) and differential scanning calorimetry(DSC).

As a result, FIG. 7 shows the results of analysis ofpoly(3HB-co-D-phenyllactate) produced by E. coli XB201TBAL and FIG. 8shows the results of analysis ofpoly(3HB-co-D-phenyllactate-co-D-mandelate) produced by E. coliXB201TBAL.

The poly(52.1 mol % 3HB-co-47.9 mol % D-phenyllactate) was amorphous,and, as the mole fraction of D-phenyllactate in the copolymer increased,the Tg increased significantly to 23.86° C., in spite of the decreasedmolecular weight thereof. Also, the copolymer containing an aromaticcompound in the polymer had decreased crystallinity. It is consideredthat the aromatic ring of the polymer interferes with thecrystallization of P(3HB) (induced by stereochemistry). P(3HB) exhibitedhigh brittleness due to strong crystallinity, whereas the resultingcopolymer caused improved mechanical toughness due to loweredcrystallinity and increased Tg.

Although the present invention have been described in detail withreference to specific configurations, those skilled in the art willappreciate that this description relates to preferred embodiments andshould not be construed as limiting the scope of the present invention.Therefore, the substantial scope of the present invention is defined bythe accompanying filed claims and equivalents thereto.

INDUSTRIAL APPLICABILITY

According to the present invention, a biodegradable polymer containingan aromatic monomer or a long-chain 2-HA monomer can be prepared.

Although specific configurations of the present invention have beendescribed in detail, those skilled in the art will appreciate that thisdetailed description is provided as preferred embodiments and should notbe construed as limiting the scope of the present invention. Therefore,the substantial scope of the present invention is defined by theaccompanying filed claims and equivalents thereto.

SEQUENCE LISTING FREE TEXT

An electronic file is attached.

1. A recombinant microorganism obtained by introducing a gene encoding a 2-hydroxyisocaproate-CoA transferase and a gene encoding polyhydroxyalkanoate synthase into a microorganism capable of producing acetyl-CoA from a carbon source, wherein the recombinant microorganism is capable of producing polyhydroxyalkanoate having an aromatic monomer or a long-chain 2-hydroxyalkanoate (2-HA) monomer.
 2. The recombinant microorganism according to claim 1, wherein the polyhydroxyalkanoate synthase is a PHA synthase derived from a strain selected from the group consisting of Ralstonia eutropha, Pseudomonas, Bacillus and Pseudomonas sp. 6-19, or a mutant enzyme of a PHA synthase having an amino acid sequence selected from the following: an amino acid sequence having at least one mutation selected from the group consisting of E130D, S325T, L412M, S477R, S477H, S477F, S477Y, S477G, Q481M, Q481K and Q481R in an amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 2; an amino acid sequence (C1335) having mutations of E130D, S325T, L412M, S477G and Q481M in the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 2; an amino acid sequence (C1310) having mutations of E130D, S477F and Q481K in the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 2; and an amino acid sequence (C1312) having mutations of E130D, S477F and Q481R in the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO:
 2. 3. The recombinant microorganism according to claim 1, wherein the 2-hydroxyisocaproate-CoA transferase is HadA derived from Clostridium difficile
 630. 4. The recombinant microorganism according to claim 1, wherein the 2-hydroxyisocaproate-CoA transferase uses acetyl-CoA as a CoA donor.
 5. The recombinant microorganism according to claim 1, wherein the aromatic monomer or long-chain 2-HA monomer is selected from the group consisting of 2-hydroxyisocaproate, 2-hydroxyhexanoate, 2-hydroxyoctanoate, phenyllactate, 2-hydroxy-4-phenylbutyrate, 3-hydroxy-3-phenylpropionate, 4-hydroxybenzoic acid and mandelate.
 6. The recombinant microorganism according to claim 1, wherein the recombinant microorganism is further introduced with a gene encoding a β-ketothiolase and a gene encoding an acetoacetyl-CoA reductase.
 7. A method for producing polyhydroxyalkanoate having an aromatic monomer or a long-chain 2-hydroxyalkanoate (2-HA) monomer comprising: (a) culturing the recombinant microorganism according to claim 1 to produce polyhydroxyalkanoate having an aromatic monomer or a long-chain 2-HA monomer; and (b) recovering the produced polyhydroxyalkanoate having an aromatic monomer or a long-chain 2-HA monomer.
 8. The method according to claim 7, wherein the recombinant microorganism is cultured in a medium containing an aromatic monomer or a long-chain 2-HA monomer.
 9. The method according to claim 7, wherein the aromatic monomer or long-chain 2-HA monomer is selected from the group consisting of 2-hydroxyisocaproate, 2-hydroxyhexanoate, 2-hydroxyoctanoate, phenyllactate, 2-hydroxy-4-phenylbutyrate, 3-hydroxy-3-phenylpropionate, 4-hydroxybenzoic acid and mandelate.
 10. The recombinant microorganism according to claim 1, wherein said recombinant microorganism is obtained by further introducing into said microorganism capable of producing acetyl-CoA from a carbon source, a gene encoding a 3-deoxy-D-arabino-heptulosonate-7-phosphate (DAHP) synthase, a gene encoding a chorismate mutase/prephenate dehydrogenase, and a gene encoding a D-lactate dehydrogenase, wherein the recombinant microorganism is capable of producing polyhydroxyalkanoate having phenyllactate as a monomer.
 11. The recombinant microorganism according to claim 10, wherein the 2-hydroxyisocaproate-CoA transferase is HadA derived from Clostridium difficile
 630. 12. The recombinant microorganism according to claim 10, wherein the polyhydroxyalkanoate synthase is a PHA synthase derived from a strain selected from the group consisting of Ralstonia eutropha, Pseudomonas, Bacillus and Pseudomonas sp. 6-19, or a mutant enzyme of a PHA synthase having an amino acid sequence selected from the following: an amino acid sequence having at least one mutation selected from the group consisting of E130D, S325T, L412M, S477R, S477H, S477F, S477Y, S477G, Q481M, Q481K and Q481R in an amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 2; an amino acid sequence (C1335) having mutations of E130D, S325T, L412M, S477G and Q481M in the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 2; an amino acid sequence (C1310) having mutations of E130D, S477F and Q481K in the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 2; and an amino acid sequence (C1312) having mutations of E130D, S477F and Q481R in the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO:
 2. 13. The recombinant microorganism according to claim 10, characterized by at least one of the characteristics of: (i) the gene encoding DAHP (3-deoxy-D-arabino-heptulosonate-7-phosphate) synthase is a gene encoding an amino acid sequence represented by SEQ ID NO: 8; (ii) the gene encoding chorismate mutase/prephenate dehydrogenase is a gene encoding an amino acid sequence represented by SEQ ID NO: 9; (iii) the gene encoding D-lactate dehydrogenase is a gene encoding an amino acid sequence represented by SEQ ID NO: 10; (iv) the gene encoding D-lactate dehydrogenase is a fldH gene; (v) the recombinant microorganism is further introduced with a gene encoding a β-ketothiolase and a gene encoding an acetoacetyl-CoA reductase; and (vi) the recombinant microorganism has a deletion of at least one gene selected from the group consisting of a tyrR gene, a gene encoding a pyruvate oxidase, a gene encoding a pyruvate formate lyase, a gene encoding an acetaldehyde dehydrogenase, a gene encoding a fumarate reductase, a gene encoding a tyrosine aminotransferase, and a gene encoding an aspartic acid aminotransferase. 14.-18. (canceled)
 19. A method for producing polyhydroxyalkanoate having phenyllactate as a monomer comprising: (a) culturing the recombinant microorganism according to claim 10 to produce polyhydroxyalkanoate having phenyllactate as a monomer; and (b) recovering the produced polyhydroxyalkanoate having phenyllactate as a monomer.
 20. The recombinant microorganism according to claim 1, wherein said recombinant microorganism is obtained by further introducing into said microorganism capable of producing acetyl-CoA from a carbon source, a gene encoding a 3-deoxy-D-arabino-heptulosonate-7-phosphate (DAHP) synthase, a gene encoding a chorismate mutase/prephenate dehydrogenase, a gene encoding a D-lactate dehydrogenase, a gene encoding a hydroxymandelate synthase, a gene encoding a hydroxymandelate oxidase, and a gene encoding a D-mandelate dehydrogenase, wherein the recombinant microorganism is capable of producing polyhydroxyalkanoate having mandelate as a monomer.
 21. The recombinant microorganism according to claim 20, wherein the 2-hydroxyisocaproate-CoA transferase is HadA derived from Clostridium difficile
 630. 22. The recombinant microorganism according to claim 20, wherein the polyhydroxyalkanoate synthase is a PHA synthase derived from a strain selected from the group consisting of Ralstonia eutropha, Pseudomonas, Bacillus and Pseudomonas sp. 6-19, or a mutant enzyme of a PHA synthase having an amino acid sequence selected from the following: an amino acid sequence having at least one mutation selected from the group consisting of E130D, S325T, L412M, S477R, S477H, S477F, S477Y, S477G, Q481M, Q481K and Q481R in an amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 2; an amino acid sequence (C1335) having mutations of E130D, S325T, L412M, S477G and Q481M in the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 2; an amino acid sequence (C1310) having mutations of E130D, S477F and Q481K in the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 2; and an amino acid sequence (C1312) having mutations of E130D, S477F and Q481R in the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO:
 2. 23. The recombinant microorganism according to claim 20, characterized by at least one of the characteristics of: (i) the gene encoding DAHP (3-deoxy-D-arabino-heptulosonate-7-phosphate) synthase is a gene encoding an amino acid sequence represented by SEQ ID NO: 8; (ii) the gene encoding chorismate mutase/prephenate dehydrogenase is a gene encoding an amino acid sequence represented by SEQ ID NO: 9; (iii) the gene encoding D-lactate dehydrogenase is a gene encoding an amino acid sequence represented by SEQ ID NO: 10; (iv) the gene encoding hydroxymandelate synthase is a gene encoding an amino acid sequence represented by SEQ ID NO: 11; (v) the gene encoding hydroxymandelate oxidase is a gene encoding an amino acid sequence represented by SEQ ID NO: 12; (vi) the gene encoding D-mandelate dehydrogenase is a gene encoding an amino acid sequence represented by SEQ ID NO: 13; (vii) the gene encoding D-lactate dehydrogenase is a fldH gene; and (viii) the recombinant microorganism is further introduced with a gene encoding a β-ketothiolase and a gene encoding an acetoacetyl-CoA reductase. 24.-30. (canceled)
 31. A method for producing polyhydroxyalkanoate having mandelate as a monomer comprising: (a) culturing the recombinant microorganism according to claim 20 to produce polyhydroxyalkanoate having mandelate as a monomer; and (b) recovering the produced polyhydroxyalkanoate having mandelate as a monomer.
 32. A method for producing polyhydroxyalkanoate having, as a monomer, a compound selected from the group consisting of 2-hydroxyisocaproate, 2-hydroxyhexanoate and 2-hydroxyoctanoate, comprising: (a) culturing the recombinant microorganism according to claim 1 in a medium containing a compound selected from the group consisting of 2-hydroxyisocaproate, 2-hydroxyhexanoate and 2-hydroxyoctanoate; and (b) recovering polyhydroxyalkanoate containing, as a monomer, a compound selected from the group consisting of 2-hydroxyisocaproate, 2-hydroxyhexanoate and 2-hydroxyoctanoate. 